unitary construct definition psychology

(1886). Validity of personnel decisions: A conceptual analysis of the inferential and evidential bases. Dissociable effects of salience on attention and goal-directed action. Working memory is the system that is responsible for the transient holding and processing of new and already stored information, an important process for reasoning, comprehension, learning and memory updating. We might be tempted to say that the tape measure has validity. However, if we made inferences about differences in intelligence based on that same set of measurements rather than differences in height, those inferences would likely be highly incorrect. It includes visual representation of the possible moves, and awareness of the flow of information into and out of memory, all stored for a limited amount of time.[4]. For example, visually guided reaching actions involve the medial intraparietal cortex (Cui & Andersen, 2007; Kalaska & Crammond, 1995), which represents targets within reach with respect to the direction of gaze and the position of the hand (Buneo, Jarvis, Batista, & Andersen, 2002; Gallivan, Cavina-Pratesi, & Culham, 2009), and is interconnected with frontal regions controlling reaching, such as the dorsal premotor cortex (Johnson et al., 1996; Wise, Boussaoud, Johnson, & Caminiti, 1997). Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. To gain the evidence needed to support such a large set of inferences, I/O psychologists typically use three general approaches: (a) content validity, (b) criterion-related validity, and (c) construct validity. It comes to serve much of the role traditionally ascribed to selective attention. Indeed, it has long been proposed that selective attention, both overt and covert, is closely related to the gaze orientation system and involves the same neural structures (Corbetta et al., 1998; Rizzolatti et al., 1987), including the posterior parietal cortex, the frontal eye fields, and the superior colliculus. Neuron, 21, 761-773. Neuropsychologia, 38, 964-974. Mole, (2011). The control of gaze involves the lateral intraparietal area (Snyder, Batista, & Andersen, 2000), which represents space in a retinotopic frame (Colby & Duhamel, 1996; Snyder, Grieve, Brotchie, & Andersen, 1998), and is interconnected with frontal regions controlling gaze, such as the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus (Par & Wurtz, 2001) taking advantage of the tectal orientation/approach system that has been steering animals since the Cambrian epoch. The most relevant source of evidence is that which is directly tied to the purpose of the inference. An epiphenomenon of the physical brain's complexity beneath, consciousness appears to rise from the activity of billions of neurons, like bubbles bursting at the top of a glass of champagne. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 1036771. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing. Nature Communications, 6, 7428. And so, this brief foray into the long journey of primate evolution has brought us back to selective attention and to the posterior parietal cortex, but with a different perspective on both. Throughout this site we use many technical terms, and given the breadth of readership our site enjoys, sometimes we are remiss and incorrectly assume everyone knows what we are referring to. Selection for action: Some behavioral and neurophysiological considerations of attention and action. Second, the concept of attention can also easily be misunderstood as both an important explanandum that psychology is rightly expected to explain and the explanans that is supposed to form the explanation thus rendering the latter a pseudo-explanation. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109656108. Modern researchers have proposed two major theories of consciousness: integrated information theory and global workspace theory. Sapir, A., Soroker, N., Berger, A., & Henik, A. The corollary argument is that progress is hindered when we appeal to or attempt to apply catch-all terms like attention. Thus, rather than saying that an individual pays more attention to a physically salient stimulus, one should make an attempt to understand the mechanism by which physical salience translates to more efficient processing and behavior. A particularly promising approach is the pre-motor theory, which argues that shifts of attention are triggered by sub-threshold saccadic commands in oculomotor areas and, conversely, shifts of attention in space lead to action planning (e.g., Rizzolatti, Riggio, Dascola, & Umilta, 1987). There is no theory of decay in this model, so to account for memory loss or fading the theory states that memories move further and further from the starting point, and retrieval becomes more difficult the further the memory is from the gas station (starting position). (1982). Three-dimensional reach trajectories as a probe of real-time decision-making between multiple competing targets. Tipper, S. P., Lortie, C., & Baylis, G. C. (1992). The primate cerebral cortex contains a set of parallel sensorimotor streams in the dorsomedial regions (blue arrows), each involved in a specific type of action using specific representations of space. This does not imply, and actually logically undermines, the sometimes observed tendency to consider neural explanations as somehow more fundamental or causal than functional explanations. Bundesen, C. (1990). Action-centred distractor effects in discrete control selection. (1986). Johnson, P. B., Ferraina, S., Bianchi, L., & Caminiti, R. (1996). Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. (2018). Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina. If you can describe something you are experiencing in words, then it is part of your consciousness. Kalaska, J. F., & Crammond, D. J. For instance, the very fact that we use concepts like attention, decision making, intention, emotion, and motivation in different situations and theoretical contexts by no means implies that the underlying functional and neural processes are different and separable. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104047108, Article Deficits in generalized cognitive ability, visual sensorimotor function, and inhibitory control represent discrete domains of neurobehavioral deficit in psychotic disorders. Next, you might notice how uncomfortable your chair is, or maybe you are mentally planning dinner. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01846-w, Feature integration theory in non-humans: Spotlight on the archerfish, The diachronic account of attentional selectivity, Visual attention and its intimate links to spatial cognition, A critical review of the cognitive and perceptual factors influencing attentional scaling and visual processing, Feature-based attention warps the perception of visual features, A theoretical attempt to revive the serial/parallel-search dichotomy, Multisensory feature integration in (and out) of the focus of spatial attention, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0348-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1114-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.08.021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.12.003, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01760-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1032-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.05.008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.029, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.021549498021549498, https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4274-06.2007, Time for Action: Reaching for a Better Understanding of the Dynamics of Cognition. Sheliga, B. M., Riggio, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1995). Neuroscience Letters, 554, 6-10. National Library of Medicine Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 569-599. ), Perspectives on perception and action (pp. Bruya (ed. Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in the memory. Yantis, S. (1998). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Another reason why just adding selection history as an additional factor raises more questions than answers is that the concept itself is unclear, particularly in its overlap with other related factors beyond exogenous and endogenous control. 395419). It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again. A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Google Scholar, Baldauf, D., Wolf, M., & Deubel, H. (2006). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal For example, it allows us to process information, choose our actions, set priorities, learn and adapt to new information, make decisions, and more. 2021 Oct;236:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.036. Delayed saccades, but not delayed manual aiming movements, require visual attention shifts. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 8174-8187. Of particular relevance to the present purpose are behavioral studies revealing that perceptual discrimination at the goal location of an upcoming saccade is improved (Deubel & Schneider, 1996; Gersch, Kowler, & Dosher, 2004; Hoffman & Subramaniam, 1995; Peterson, Kramer, & Irwin, 2004). Modern validity theory is considered unitary and can be traced back to Lee Cronbach. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 691-700. (2019b). Essentially, your consciousness is your awareness of yourself and the world around you. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81, 1978-1982. Kaas, J. H. (2017). This emphasis on integrated sensori-cognitive-motor processes takes inspiration from the synthetic approach to understanding cognition (Hommel & Colzato, 2015) and a proposed phylogenetic refinement of the scientific approach to understanding behavior (Cisek, 2019 [this issue]). (1997). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Posner, M. I., & Dehaene, S. (1994). Working memory is generally used synonymously with short term memory, but this depends on how the two forms of memory are defined. WBABT52060LT01071. 2014 May;40(3):516-22. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu013. 2023. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. No one knows what attention is | SpringerLink Buneo, C. A., Jarvis, M. R., Batista, A. P., & Andersen, R. A. Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. Cisek, P., & Thura, D. (2018). Keywords: Posterior parietal cortex encodes autonomously selected motor plans. A construct derives its scientific value from the shared meaning it represents for different people. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. This theory tends to focus on whether something is conscious and to what degree it is conscious. Specifically, instead of the efficient straight and direct movements that one might anticipate if attentional selection had been completed prior to the intention to act, the trajectories of hand and eye movements veer towards or away from non-target stimuli depending on the timing and salience of the non-target stimuli (e.g., Chapman et al., 2010; Gallivan & Chapman, 2014; Howard & Tipper, 1997; Moher et al., 2015; Neyedli & Welsh, 2012; Song & Nakayama, 2006, 2008; Welsh, 2011; Welsh & Elliott, 2004; Wispinski, Gallivan, & Chapman, in press). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Value-driven attentional and oculomotor capture during goal-directed, unconstrained viewing. Now, over 130 years later, there is a continued and heightened need to question the role of attention, the use of the term attention, and a search for what attention is (e.g., Busemeyer, Gluth, Rieskamp, & Turner, 2019; Gottlieb, 2012). Psychometric properties of the well-being index (WHO-5 - PubMed A major advance occurred during the Cambrian epoch, over 500 million years ago (Mya), with the elaboration of visually guided orientation behaviors. (a) In the avoidance circuit, visual information from the lateral eyes arrives in the contralateral tectum, which projects ipsilaterally to the midbrain locomotor regions. & Keane, M.T. Having the quality of oneness. (2007). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16,437443. Validity is a single, unitary idea: It concerns the degree to which the differences we observe in measurements can be used to make accurate and confident inferences about some unobservable phenomenon. Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex. Cisek, P. (2007). Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Of course, when one starts to peer into actual neural functions, there is no clear delineation, only a set of processes that interact to create selectivity in the end. Thus, multiple strategies exist for generating such evidence; often, these strategiesor more aptly, the evidence generated from these strategiesare referred to as types of validity This is an unfortunate choice of words because it often leads to the misconception that validity is many different things and that some types of validity are more or less useful than other types. Other research has extended the study of these action-attention interactions to manual actions, showing that planning and performing reaching and grasping movements prioritizes the processing of the target objects of these movements (e.g., Pratt & Abrams, 1994; Rizzolati, Riggio, & Sheliga, 1994; Tipper, Lortie, & Baylis, 1992; see also Wu, 2014). Stuphorn, V., Hoffmann, K. P., & Miller, L. E. (1999). We conclude that what would serve scientific progress best would be to drop the term attention as a label for a specific functional or neural system and instead focus on behaviorally relevant selection processes and the many systems that implement them. 1996 Oct;26(10):1009-23. Target selection signals for arm reaching in the posterior parietal cortex. Snyder, L. H., Batista, A. P., & Andersen, R. A. After administration to 155 subjects, these 30 measures were incorporated into a multitrait-multimethod matrix. Cisek P., & Kalaska J.F. As we have tried to explain, these conceptual-overlap problems are unlikely to be resolved by more definitions. Today, consciousness is generally defined as an awareness of yourself and the world. Importantly, and as required from the view that selectivity for behavioral relevance is the purview of the entire moving body, the superior colliculus is involved not just in eye movements, but in orienting movements of the eye, head, body, and hand (Gandhi & Katnani, 2011; Stuphorn, Hoffmann, & Miller, 1999). The snooze of lose: Rapid reaching reveals that losses are processed more slowly than gains. Arch Ital Biol.

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