13840110d2d515487e83b87 disadvantages of using rats in research

Using the mouse grimace scale to assess pain associated with routine ear notching and the effect of analgesia in laboratory mice. Pain 12:1744806916629049. doi: 10.1177/1744806916629049, Guilford, B. L., Ryals, J. M., and Wright, D. E. (2011). The time taken to withdraw from the heat stimulus is recorded as the withdrawal latency, and depending on the model of the Hargreaves apparatus, may either be recorded manually by the investigator or automatically by the apparatus. Gene editing technologies allow scientists to use rats more often in their research. Using animals in experiments | The Humane Society of the United States Obviously this cannot be done in rodents, making spontaneous pain difficult to quantify; however new methods to evaluate spontaneous pain are increasingly being reported, including grimace scales, burrowing assays, gait analysis, weight bearing and automated behavioral analysis (for a summary on behavioral tests used in non-stimulus evoked nociception, see Tappe-Theodor and Kuner, 2014). Punctate mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia can be evoked with a pinprick or monofilament, and in practice can be assessed by the application of von Frey filaments of varying forces (0.082940 mN). Assessment of thermal sensitivity in rats using the thermal place preference test: description and application in the study of oxaliplatin-induced acute thermal hypersensitivity and inflammatory pain models. Why use the mouse in research? - YourGenome While validated using an incisional model of pain in rats, this method takes longer to perform than the normal Hargreaves test and is not available to purchase commercially. Individual differences in the hotplate test and effects of habituation on sensitivity to morphine. ILAR J. The response temperature is dependent on the starting temperature, ambient temperature and rate of heating, with faster heat ramps resulting in higher response temperatures (Tjolsen et al., 1991; Yalcin et al., 2009). Received: 04 April 2017; Accepted: 22 August 2017; Published: 06 September 2017. Key Takeaways. 16 Integral Pros and Cons of Animal Experimentation Arthritis Rheum. Front Neurol 7: 57. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0122-10.2010, Ltsch, J., Dimova, V., Lieb, I., Zimmermann, M., Oertel, B. G., and Ultsch, A. When animals such as mice or rats are selected as models for genetic experimentation, the main reason is the similarity of their genetic makeup to human DNA. 56, 171176. Ultrasound vocalisation by rodents does not correlate with behavioural measures of persistent pain. 1, 118121. J. Neurosci. Pain 87, 149158. Brain Res. (2010). doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70024-9, Berge, O. G., Garcia-Cabrera, I., and Hole, K. (1988). As a result, mice became the more prominent model organism due to the availability of genetically modified lines where a gene of interest can be activated or inactivated in specific cells. Optimization of the mechanical nociceptive threshold testing with the Randall-Selitto assay. The Randall-Selitto or paw pressure test was developed as a tool to assess response thresholds to mechanical pressure stimulation and is often considered a measure of mechanical hyperalgesia (Figure 1C; Randall and Selitto, 1957). The first (1880-1950) was when mice and rats became common research animals. The temperature at which this occurs is designated as the response temperature (Ogren and Berge, 1984; Tjolsen et al., 1991). LabSand is a revolutionary option for the collection of small urine samples in laboratory and research animals. The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Rodents are placed individually in small enclosures with a glass floor. This continues until at least four readings are obtained after the first change of direction. Pharmacological interrogation of a rodent forced ambulation model: leveraging gait impairment as a measure of pain behavior pre-clinically. A response is considered positive if the animal exhibits any nocifensive behaviors, including brisk paw withdrawal, licking, or shaking of the paw, either during application of the stimulus or immediately after the filament is removed. Prior to the development of automated digitized platforms, this test was performed by coloring the animals paws with ink; the animal was then allowed to walk freely on a paper, which could be scanned for analysis (Ishikawa et al., 2014). Automated behavioral analysis can be performed in a dedicated apparatus (Behavioral Spectrometer, Behavioral Instruments) or in a home cage (HomeCageScan, CleverSys; PhenoTyper, Noldus), using automated video analysis, vibration sensors, photobeams, and combinations thereof. Nat. This book condenses information from many sources on topics related to the care and use of rats in research. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.048, Jacobs, B. Y., Kloefkorn, H. E., and Allen, K. D. (2014). The time taken to flick or withdraw the tail from the heat stimulus is recorded. (2014). Advantages of the cold plate test are its relative speed and the ability for accurate temperature control. 86, 284288. 4:51. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00051, Vissers, K., and Meert, T. (2005). Nature 448, 204208. Pain measurement: an overview. This raises a moral issue in animal experimentation. However, this also requires animals to be acclimatized to the cages, to ensure ambulation and exploratory behaviors, which could be misinterpreted as a positive response, are kept to a minimum. Rotation of the handle of the hand-held device initiates heating from room temperature to 60C at a rate of 2.5C/s, which is terminated automatically by paw withdrawal, removal of the probe from the paw by the operator, or on reaching a predetermined cut-out (usually 60C; Figure 3D). The force at which this response occurs is recorded automatically by the apparatus and is designated as the paw withdrawal threshold. Exp. 64, 8187. Pain 7:55. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-55, Tappe-Theodor, A., and Kuner, R. (2014). The mouse genome is very similar to our own, making mouse genetic research particularly useful for the study of human diseases. Differentiating thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia using dynamic hot and cold plate in rodents. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Functional characterization of a mouse model for central post-stroke pain. Neuronal Interact. J. Neurosci. (C) Weight bearing (incapacitance test). Woolf, C. J., and Mannion, R. J. Analysis of behaviors in unrestrained animals using automated technologies is increasingly being used to study non-stimulus evoked pain in rodents. Data quality is usually improved if the time to occurrence of any behavior, rather than specific behavior types, is recorded, and if lower temperatures are used (Carter, 1991; Plone et al., 1996). doi: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1135689, Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., and Navaza, J. M. (1995). Lett. Models and mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. The ascending stimulus method provides an estimate of the mechanical withdrawal threshold. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1157668, Deuis, J. R., Whately, E., Brust, A., Inserra, M. C., Asvadi, N. H., Lewis, R. J., et al. doi: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000026, Banik, R. K., and Kabadi, R. A. From a physiological standpoint, more is known about the responses and pathways in rats than in other species due to the wealth of data collected over the years. Transcriptomic and behavioural characterisation of a mouse model of burn pain identify the cholecystokinin 2 receptor as an analgesic target. In contrast to other Von Frey setups, animals are housed in individual enclosures with bars, rather than mesh, to help maximize the surface area of the hind paw available for application of the filament. Painful and painless channelopathies. It remains to be determined whether pain behavior outcomes obtained using gait and weight-bearing analysis will translate more (or less) readily to the clinic compared to stimulus-evoked methods. The main advantage of the thermal probe test is that the mice are placed in individual runs standing on bars instead of glass enabling access to the plantar surface, which allows simultaneous assessment of mechanical thresholds by von Frey, removing the need for acclimation in two different enclosures. If a stimulus is applied that does not normally evoke a withdrawal response, and the animal withdraws from the stimulus, the animal is considered to have allodynia. These behavioral methods can be divided into stimulus-evoked or non-stimulus evoked (spontaneous) nociception, based on whether or not application of an external stimulus is used to elicit a withdrawal response. Sci. Rock, M. L., Karas, A. Methods 113, 9197. The effects of morphine methadone and meperidine on some reflex responses of spinal animals to nociceptive stimulation. Rodents are commonly used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain as studies in humans may be difficult to perform and ethically limited. ECLAM Corporate VP, Veterinary and Professional Services BACKGROUND Laboratory rodents have been used in the United States as research animals since the late 1800s. Exp. Typically, noxious stimuli activate nociceptors, a subset of peripheral sensory neurons, which have a range of specialized ion channels and receptors that transduce noxious stimuli into electrical signals. In cases of sensory loss, hypoalgesia may be present, which is defined as decreased sensitivity to a nociceptive stimulus. Lett. This sample group should include individuals who are relevant to the survey's topic. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.018, Gamble, G. D., and Milne, R. J. General adaptation syndrome was discovered accidentally by Selye whilst he was conducting experiments on rats at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. (2002). doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00307-9, Kim, S. H., and Chung, J. M. (1992). Wistar rats are big rats. Lancet Neurol. In unilateral pain models, many changes in gait parameters are observed, including reduced intensity (paw pressure), reduced print area, reduced stance phase duration (time spent on paw), increased swing phase duration (time spent off paw) in the ipsilateral hind paw compared to contralateral hind paw, consistent with reduced weight bearing and guarding behaviors (Parvathy and Masocha, 2013; Yin et al., 2016).

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